{"id":400,"date":"2016-02-02T13:12:16","date_gmt":"2016-02-02T12:12:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/?p=400"},"modified":"2025-12-17T08:38:42","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T07:38:42","slug":"gothic-handwriting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/gothic-handwriting\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Read Gothic Handwriting \u2014 Part 1: Background (Old Norwegian Records)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"825\">If you do Norwegian genealogy, sooner or later you\u2019ll run into <strong data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"534\">Gothic handwriting<\/strong> (often called \u201cGothic script\u201d or \u201cblackletter-style handwriting\u201d) in scanned sources\u2014especially <strong data-start=\"631\" data-end=\"670\">Norwegian church books (kirkeb\u00f8ker)<\/strong>.<!--more--> In this series, I\u2019m sharing a beginner-friendly, practical approach to learning how to read it, one step at a time.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"827\" data-end=\"1128\">Gothic script grew out of earlier Latin handwriting traditions, and by the later Middle Ages, it became widely used across Europe. Over time, it developed regional styles and \u201cfaster hands,\u201d which is why real-life records rarely look like a tidy textbook alphabet. (HMML School of Manuscript Studies, n.d.)<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"1130\" data-end=\"1182\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Gothic_handwriting_looks_%E2%80%9Cbroken%E2%80%9D_and_angular\"><\/span>Why Gothic handwriting looks \u201cbroken\u201d and angular<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1615\">One reason Gothic handwriting can look so difficult is the writing tool itself. Early Gothic letterforms were often written with <strong data-start=\"1313\" data-end=\"1331\">broad-nib pens<\/strong>. When the pen is pulled in certain directions, the stroke becomes thick; when it moves sideways, the line becomes thin. That contrast makes the script look <strong data-start=\"1488\" data-end=\"1524\">tall, narrow, and sharply angled<\/strong>, with many vertical strokes packed closely together.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-box-title\">In this article<\/div>\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\"><\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/gothic-handwriting\/#Why_Gothic_handwriting_looks_%E2%80%9Cbroken%E2%80%9D_and_angular\" >Why Gothic handwriting looks \u201cbroken\u201d and angular<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/gothic-handwriting\/#When_Gothic_handwriting_was_used_in_Norway\" >When Gothic handwriting was used in Norway<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/gothic-handwriting\/#A_realistic_expectation_and_why_practice_works\" >A realistic expectation (and why practice works)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/gothic-handwriting\/#Where_to_go_next_in_this_series\" >Where to go next in this series<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/gothic-handwriting\/#Sources_and_practice_help\" >Sources and practice help<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p data-start=\"1617\" data-end=\"1810\">In a whole paragraph\u2014especially in church records\u2014the writing can blur into a dense \u201ctexture\u201d of strokes. That\u2019s normal. The trick is learning the repeating shapes and how they connect in words.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"1812\" data-end=\"1857\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_Gothic_handwriting_was_used_in_Norway\"><\/span>When Gothic handwriting was used in Norway<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1859\" data-end=\"2112\">In Norway, Gothic handwriting was the common script for many handwritten sources well into the 1800s. It remained important through the period when many church books were created and later scanned for online access. (Digitalarkivet n.d.).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2114\" data-end=\"2445\">A major challenge for genealogists is the <strong data-start=\"2156\" data-end=\"2177\">transition period<\/strong> when writers gradually shifted toward Latin handwriting. Mixed styles can make records from the late 1800s (and sometimes into the early 1900s) especially tricky\u2014because you may be reading a blend of letterforms on the same page.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"2447\" data-end=\"2498\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_realistic_expectation_and_why_practice_works\"><\/span>A realistic expectation (and why practice works)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2500\" data-end=\"2845\">Below you\u2019ll see a \u201cperfect\u201d Gothic alphabets. It&#8217;s helpful for learning, but real records are messier: different writers have different habits, and small marks (dots, dashes, umlauts) can be faint or missing. That\u2019s why reading Gothic handwriting is less about memorizing one alphabet and more about <strong data-start=\"2808\" data-end=\"2844\">pattern recognition + repetition<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"406\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/gothic-handwriting\/deutsche_kurrentschrift\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.jpg?fit=1633%2C1869&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1633,1869\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Deutsche_Kurrentschrift\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.jpg?fit=800%2C915&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-406 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.jpg?resize=531%2C608&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"531\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.jpg?resize=262%2C300&amp;ssl=1 262w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.jpg?resize=768%2C879&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.jpg?resize=895%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 895w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.jpg?w=1633&amp;ssl=1 1633w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2847\" data-end=\"3044\">If you want a solid, traditional reference to study alongside these posts, <a href=\"https:\/\/geelmuyden-info.no\/GOTISK%202015r.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Knut Geelmuyden\u2019s short guide<\/a> is excellent and widely used by Norwegian researchers.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"3046\" data-end=\"3080\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Where_to_go_next_in_this_series\"><\/span>Where to go next in this series<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"3272\" data-end=\"3568\">\n<li data-start=\"3272\" data-end=\"3405\">\n<p data-start=\"3274\" data-end=\"3405\"><a href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/gothinc-handwriting-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Continue to <strong data-start=\"3286\" data-end=\"3296\">Part 2<\/strong>,<\/a> where we look at the Gothic alphabet as it appears in real records.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3406\" data-end=\"3568\">\n<p data-start=\"3408\" data-end=\"3568\">You may also like <a href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/the-norwegian-church-books\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">my article on <strong data-start=\"3440\" data-end=\"3470\">the Norwegian church books<\/strong><\/a>, since that\u2019s where many of us first meet this handwriting.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"3570\" data-end=\"3573\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3603\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sources_and_practice_help\"><\/span>Sources and practice help<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"3605\" data-end=\"3995\">\n<li data-start=\"3605\" data-end=\"3733\">\n<p data-start=\"3607\" data-end=\"3733\">Geelmuyden, Knut. <em data-start=\"3625\" data-end=\"3686\">Gotisk skrift \u2013 En kort veiledning i lesing av gamle kilder<\/em> (PDF). <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-[9px] font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-[#F4F4F4]! dark:bg-[#303030]!\" href=\"https:\/\/geelmuyden-info.no\/GOTISK%202015r.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-[15ch] grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">geelmuyden-info.no<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-[#8F8F8F]\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3734\" data-end=\"3872\">\n<p data-start=\"3736\" data-end=\"3872\">Digitalarkivet: \u201cHvordan lese gammel h\u00e5ndskrift?\u201d (help + guidance and where to ask for help). <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-[9px] font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-[#F4F4F4]! dark:bg-[#303030]!\" href=\"https:\/\/www.digitalarkivet.no\/content\/1507\/hvordan-lese-gammel-h%C3%A5ndskrift?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-[15ch] grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Digitalarkivet<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3873\" data-end=\"3995\">\n<p data-start=\"3875\" data-end=\"3995\">Arkivverket: \u201cHjelp til \u00e5 lese gotisk h\u00e5ndskrift\u201d (includes their learning app<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3873\" data-end=\"3995\">HMML School of Manuscript Studies. (n.d.). Latin scripts \u2013 Gothic Textualis. Retrieved December 17, 2025, from https:\/\/hmmlschool.org\/latin-gothic\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If you do Norwegian genealogy, sooner or later you\u2019ll run into Gothic handwriting (often called \u201cGothic script\u201d or \u201cblackletter-style handwriting\u201d)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":500,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","nf_dc_page":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":null,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"default","_twitter_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type":"default","_pinterest_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type_page":"","_instagram_share_type":"default","_medium_share_type":"default","_threads_share_type":"default","_google_business_share_type":"default","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-400","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gothic-handwriting"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - 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Some time ago I realized that I needed to get better at this. One of the big obstacles is the Gothic lettering that was used up until the late 1800s.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Life in general......&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Life in general......","link":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/category\/life-in-general\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/calligraphy-511183_640.jpg?fit=640%2C425&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/calligraphy-511183_640.jpg?fit=640%2C425&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/calligraphy-511183_640.jpg?fit=640%2C425&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":633,"url":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/how-to-read-gothic-handwriting-4-letters-to-words\/","url_meta":{"origin":400,"position":3},"title":"How to read Gothic handwriting &#8211; 4 &#8211; Letters to words","author":"Martin Roe Eidhammer","date":"February 15, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"In this installment I will look at some words that frequently appear in church records. 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