{"id":10894,"date":"2026-02-24T12:00:41","date_gmt":"2026-02-24T11:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/?p=10894"},"modified":"2026-02-23T22:27:38","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T21:27:38","slug":"svartedauden-norway-black-death-population-deserted-farms-sources","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/svartedauden-norway-black-death-population-deserted-farms-sources\/","title":{"rendered":"The Black Death in Norway (Svartedauden): population collapse, social change\u2014and how we glimpse it in the sources"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"118\" data-end=\"485\">The Black Death is often described as a single, terrible event. In Norway, it was both an event <strong data-start=\"214\" data-end=\"221\">and<\/strong> the beginning of a long, uneven era of recurring plague. The Black Death reshaped Norway&#8217;s population, land, and power in profound ways.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"118\" data-end=\"485\">The first wave of the Black death reached Norway in <strong data-start=\"312\" data-end=\"325\">1349\u20131350<\/strong>, and later outbreaks continued to shape society for centuries (Store norske leksikon, n.d.; Lille norske leksikon, 2026). What makes Svartedauden so important for Norwegian history is not only the loss of life. It is also the way that loss rewired the relationship between <strong data-start=\"631\" data-end=\"658\">people, land, and power<\/strong>. It also explains something genealogists learn quickly: <strong data-start=\"715\" data-end=\"770\">before about 1600, sources are comparatively scarce<\/strong>, yet there <em data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"787\">are<\/em> earlier source types that can still give us meaningful glimpses into families, farms, and local communities. I will come back to these sources in a future article.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-box-title\">In this article<\/div>\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\"><\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/svartedauden-norway-black-death-population-deserted-farms-sources\/#When_the_plague_arrived%E2%80%94and_why_the_shock_was_so_profound\" >When the plague arrived\u2014and why the shock was so profound<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/svartedauden-norway-black-death-population-deserted-farms-sources\/#Population_collapse_and_the_%E2%80%9Cage_of_deserted_farms%E2%80%9D_odegarder\" >Population collapse and the \u201cage of deserted farms\u201d (\u00f8deg\u00e5rder)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/svartedauden-norway-black-death-population-deserted-farms-sources\/#A_society_rebalanced_land_labor_and_bargaining_power\" >A society rebalanced: land, labor, and bargaining power<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/svartedauden-norway-black-death-population-deserted-farms-sources\/#Why_this_belongs_in_a_blog_about_Norwegian_genealogy\" >Why this belongs in a blog about Norwegian genealogy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/svartedauden-norway-black-death-population-deserted-farms-sources\/#References_APA\" >References (APA)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<hr data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"901\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm pb-25\">\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"255c8b49-4313-4062-9f02-9240e111fad7\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-20\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"38e1c222-a97d-4547-a93e-adbb54d41845\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-2-thinking\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word light markdown-new-styling\">\n<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"60\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_the_plague_arrived%E2%80%94and_why_the_shock_was_so_profound\"><\/span>When the plague arrived\u2014and why the shock was so profound<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10900\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10900\" style=\"width: 244px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"10900\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/svartedauden-norway-black-death-population-deserted-farms-sources\/512px-theodor_kittelsen_-_pesta_i_trappen_1896_pesta_on_the_stairs\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/512px-Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen_1896_Pesta_on_the_Stairs.jpg?fit=512%2C629&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"512,629\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Theodor_Kittelsen Pesta i trappen,\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;&amp;#8220;Pesta&amp;#8221; was in Norwegian folklore the personification of the Black Death &lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/512px-Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen_1896_Pesta_on_the_Stairs.jpg?fit=244%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/512px-Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen_1896_Pesta_on_the_Stairs.jpg?fit=512%2C629&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10900\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/512px-Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen_1896_Pesta_on_the_Stairs.jpg?resize=244%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"244\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/512px-Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen_1896_Pesta_on_the_Stairs.jpg?resize=244%2C300&amp;ssl=1 244w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/512px-Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen_1896_Pesta_on_the_Stairs.jpg?w=512&amp;ssl=1 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 244px) 100vw, 244px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10900\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Pesta&#8221; was in Norwegian folklore the personification of the Black Death<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p data-start=\"62\" data-end=\"774\">Norwegian historians often regard Svartedauden (1349\u20131350) as a turning point because it struck a society that had been built up over centuries of growth in the High Middle Ages. Norway had expanded settlement, brought more farms into use, and pushed cultivation outward\u2014often into less forgiving terrain where survival depended on a delicate balance of manpower, seasonal work, and local cooperation. When a large share of people died in a short time, that balance broke. The result wasn\u2019t just \u201cmany deaths,\u201d but a systemic disruption that affected farms, inheritance lines, labor, and the ability of communities to sustain themselves (Norgeshistorie.no, 2015).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"776\" data-end=\"1289\">The arrival story also explains part of the severity. Norway was not isolated: coastal shipping and trade tied the kingdom closely to the wider North Sea world. Norgeshistorie.no describes how the wider pandemic (1346\u20131353) reached Norway in 1349 and then spread rapidly through the country. With medieval travel and commerce moving people (and pests) between ports and settlements, containment was not realistic in the way it can be imagined today (Norgeshistorie.no, 2025).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1291\" data-end=\"1849\">Just as important: Norway\u2019s plague experience did <strong data-start=\"1341\" data-end=\"1348\">not<\/strong> end with the first wave. Modern reference works emphasize that Svartedauden was the first of <strong data-start=\"1442\" data-end=\"1450\">many<\/strong> plague outbreaks that returned at irregular intervals for centuries. Store norske leksikon notes repeated plague epidemics affecting Norway from <strong data-start=\"1596\" data-end=\"1612\">1349 to 1654<\/strong>, and Lille norske leksikon similarly frames Svartedauden as one of several deadly plague pandemics reaching Norway during that long period (Store norske leksikon, n.d.; Lille norske leksikon, 2026).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1851\" data-end=\"2440\">That long \u201cplague era\u201d is a big reason the shock was so profound. Even when communities began to recover, renewed outbreaks could cut down working-age adults, interrupt family lines, and keep settlement and farming patterns unstable. In other words, the first catastrophe in 1349\u20131350 created the initial collapse\u2014but the recurring returns of plague helped make the consequences <strong data-start=\"2230\" data-end=\"2246\">long-lasting<\/strong>, shaping Norway\u2019s demographic recovery and social development well into the early modern period (Store norske leksikon, n.d.; Lille norske leksikon, 2026).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"1522\" data-end=\"1525\">\n<h2 data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"297\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Population_collapse_and_the_%E2%80%9Cage_of_deserted_farms%E2%80%9D_odegarder\"><\/span>Population collapse and the \u201cage of deserted farms\u201d (\u00f8deg\u00e5rder)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"299\" data-end=\"771\">One of the clearest, long-run fingerprints of Svartedauden in Norway is not a single document or dramatic story, but a landscape pattern: <strong data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"450\">\u00f8deg\u00e5rder<\/strong>\u2014farms that fell out of regular use as independent units. Norgeshistorie.no calls the \u00f8deg\u00e5rd phenomenon one of our strongest \u201cwitnesses\u201d to the plague\u2019s effects, because it reflects large-scale abandonment and a reshaping of the late medieval countryside (Norgeshistorie.no, 2015a). \u00d8deg\u00e5rd is also a commonly used surname today.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"1286\">In practical terms, an \u00f8deg\u00e5rd is a farm that no longer functioned as a full, working holding\u2014often because the people who lived there died, because there were too few heirs, or because there simply weren\u2019t enough hands to keep marginal land productive. Store norske leksikon explains that the concept of an \u00f8deg\u00e5rd is a farm out of operation as an independent unit, and notes that the term becomes common in written sources after the mid-1400s (Store norske leksikon, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1288\" data-end=\"1459\">This matters for population growth because the Black Death reshaped Norway&#8217;s population land and power, and recovery after a demographic catastrophe is <strong data-start=\"1375\" data-end=\"1382\">not<\/strong> just \u201ctime passing.\u201d When many farms go deserted, the consequences multiply:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1461\" data-end=\"2387\">\n<li data-start=\"1461\" data-end=\"1841\">\n<p data-start=\"1463\" data-end=\"1841\"><strong data-start=\"1463\" data-end=\"1513\">Production drops and local resilience weakens.<\/strong> A farm is not only a household; it is part of a local economy\u2014fields, grazing, seasonal labor exchange, and obligations. When multiple farms in an area fall silent, it reduces the productive base and disrupts the everyday systems that kept communities stable. (Norgeshistorie.no, 2015a).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1461\" data-end=\"1841\"><strong>Some \u201cbig men\u201d lost households, tenants, and income<\/strong>\u2014and ended up operating closer to the level of ordinary farmers, while capable survivors could step upward by taking over land, and local influence left vacant by the dead (Norges Bank, n.d.; NDLA, n.d.).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1842\" data-end=\"2105\">\n<p data-start=\"1844\" data-end=\"2105\"><strong data-start=\"1844\" data-end=\"1866\">Networks fracture.<\/strong> Marriage patterns, neighborhood cooperation, and local leadership (including church life and legal routines) all depend on people being there. Fewer households means fewer connections\u2014and fewer reasons for records to be created locally.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2106\" data-end=\"2387\">\n<p data-start=\"2108\" data-end=\"2387\"><strong data-start=\"2108\" data-end=\"2152\">Resettlement favors the best land first.<\/strong> After a population collapse, it makes sense\u2014economically and physically\u2014to prioritize the most productive soil and the most accessible farms. Marginal holdings are more likely to stay abandoned longer or be absorbed into larger units.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2389\" data-end=\"2669\">In other words, <strong data-start=\"2405\" data-end=\"2438\">demography reshapes geography<\/strong>: population loss changes where people live and what land remains in use. Then <strong data-start=\"2517\" data-end=\"2550\">geography reshapes demography<\/strong>: a countryside reorganized around fewer, stronger holdings influences how quickly and where population can grow again.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2671\" data-end=\"2674\">\n<h2 data-start=\"2676\" data-end=\"2734\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_society_rebalanced_land_labor_and_bargaining_power\"><\/span>A society rebalanced: land, labor, and bargaining power<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2736\" data-end=\"3222\">The social and economic logic after Svartedauden was brutally simple: <strong data-start=\"2806\" data-end=\"2860\">there were suddenly fewer people to work the land.<\/strong> That single fact rebalanced power in rural Norway. Landowners\u2014whether church institutions, elites, or other holders of rights\u2014needed tenants and labor to keep farms productive. In this context, when people are scarce, landowners must compete to attract and retain them. Survivors, therefore, could gain leverage in ways that were hard to imagine in the pre-plague growth period.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3224\" data-end=\"3660\">Norgeshistorie.no describes how rural conditions and agriculture changed after the plague, emphasizing that the countryside adjusted structurally rather than snapping back to pre-1349 \u201cnormal.\u201d One striking indicator is that burdens could fall sharply: tenants could end up paying much lower dues than before, reflecting the new reality of scarce labor and abundant land (Norgeshistorie.no, 2015b).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3662\" data-end=\"4022\">This shift did not mean life became easy. A society can be \u201cbetter positioned\u201d in bargaining terms and still be deeply wounded: households were smaller, skills were lost, local institutions were strained, and the fear of new outbreaks lingered. But it <em data-start=\"3914\" data-end=\"3920\">does<\/em> help explain why late medieval Norway developed under different conditions than the High Middle Ages:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4024\" data-end=\"4820\">\n<li data-start=\"4024\" data-end=\"4321\">\n<p data-start=\"4026\" data-end=\"4321\"><strong data-start=\"4026\" data-end=\"4075\">Consolidation and reorganization of holdings.<\/strong> Where farms were deserted, neighboring farms could take over parts, rents could be renegotiated, and production strategies could shift toward what made sense with fewer workers. (Norgeshistorie.no, 2015b).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4322\" data-end=\"4598\">\n<p data-start=\"4324\" data-end=\"4598\"><strong data-start=\"4324\" data-end=\"4363\">A \u201ctenant\u2019s market\u201d in many places.<\/strong> When the limiting factor is labor rather than land, those who can farm become valuable. That changes the tone of rural society\u2014more mobility, more negotiation, and often lower effective burdens for those still able to work holdings.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4599\" data-end=\"4820\">\n<p data-start=\"4601\" data-end=\"4820\"><strong data-start=\"4601\" data-end=\"4639\">A slower, uneven return of growth.<\/strong> Because the countryside reorganized around fewer active farms and altered obligations, population recovery was shaped by these new structures\u2014not simply by births balancing deaths.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4822\" data-end=\"5142\">Seen together, \u00f8deg\u00e5rder and the land\u2013labor reversal are two sides of the same coin: the plague reduced the population so dramatically that Norway\u2019s rural world had to find a new equilibrium\u2014and that new equilibrium left traces in settlement patterns, farm continuity, and the long-term development of Norwegian society.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7427\" data-end=\"7430\">\n<h2 data-start=\"7432\" data-end=\"7495\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_this_belongs_in_a_blog_about_Norwegian_genealogy\"><\/span>Why this belongs in a blog about Norwegian genealogy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"313\">Svartedauden is not just a story about death; it is a story about how Norway became a different kind of society. The Black Death reshaped Norway&#8217;s population land and power. Settlement patterns shifted, <strong data-start=\"142\" data-end=\"155\">\u00f8deg\u00e5rder<\/strong> became a defining feature of the countryside, and recovery was slow and uneven over many generations (Norgeshistorie.no, 2015b; Store norske leksikon, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"315\" data-end=\"891\">For genealogy, this matters because the demographic recovery took a very long time\u2014Norway did not approach <strong data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"475\">300,000\u2013400,000 inhabitants again until the 1600s<\/strong>, and that renewed growth began to change everyday life: land became harder to come by. Farms were split into smaller units to give a livelyhood to more households.  Communities grew denser, and administration and record-keeping gradually became more systematic (Norgeshistorie.no, 2015c; Lokalhistoriewiki.no, 2024). Discussion on Norwegian demography are often referencing the Black death and it&#8217;s consequences.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2 data-start=\"8110\" data-end=\"8129\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References_APA\"><\/span>References (APA)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"8250\" data-end=\"8348\">Lille norske leksikon. (2026, February 2). <em data-start=\"8293\" data-end=\"8307\">Svartedauden<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm pb-25\">\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"35452884-ca89-4ba8-a4ef-2cee723508d9\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-26\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"01621e7e-0400-444c-9160-79b3e00d5da9\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-2-thinking\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"687\">NDLA. (n.d.). <em data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"592\">Svartedauden i Norge<\/em>. Nasjonal digital l\u00e6ringsarena.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"687\">Norges Bank. (n.d.). <em data-start=\"396\" data-end=\"410\">Svartedauden<\/em>. Norges Bank<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"8350\" data-end=\"8446\">Norgeshistorie.no. (2015a, November 25). <em data-start=\"8391\" data-end=\"8405\">Svartedauden<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8448\" data-end=\"8542\">Norgeshistorie.no. (2015b, November 25). <em data-start=\"8489\" data-end=\"8501\">\u00d8deg\u00e5rdene<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8544\" data-end=\"8643\">Norgeshistorie.no. (2015c, November 25). <em data-start=\"8585\" data-end=\"8602\">Livet og pesten<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8645\" data-end=\"8756\">Store norske leksikon. (n.d.). <em data-start=\"8676\" data-end=\"8715\">Svartedauden \u2013 pest-pandemi 1346\u20131353<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8758\" data-end=\"8853\">Store norske leksikon. (2025, December 16). <em data-start=\"8802\" data-end=\"8812\">\u00d8ydegard<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Black Death is often described as a single, terrible event. 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First on paper and now online.\u00a0 I use this source a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Norwegian Sources&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Norwegian Sources","link":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/category\/norwegian-genealogy\/norwegian-sources\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/books-g287ac100f_640.jpg?fit=640%2C409&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/books-g287ac100f_640.jpg?fit=640%2C409&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/books-g287ac100f_640.jpg?fit=640%2C409&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":8985,"url":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/internal-migration-in-norway-in-the-1700s-1800s-from-valleys-to-frontiers\/","url_meta":{"origin":10894,"position":2},"title":"Internal Migration in Norway in the 1700s\u20131800s: From Valleys to Frontiers","author":"Martin Roe Eidhammer","date":"March 23, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Between the 1700s and 1800s, Norway underwent significant demographic, economic, and social transformations. 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This article examines the scale, causes, patterns, and consequences of internal migration in Norway in that era, drawing on recent\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;History&quot;","block_context":{"text":"History","link":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/category\/history\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/flytting-2.webp?fit=686%2C457&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/flytting-2.webp?fit=686%2C457&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/flytting-2.webp?fit=686%2C457&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":4089,"url":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/kvens-in-norway\/","url_meta":{"origin":10894,"position":3},"title":"Kvens in Norway","author":"Martin Roe Eidhammer","date":"March 19, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Who were the Kvens? Some time ago I was asked by a person in the US about an abbrevation in the 1865 Norwegian census for Finnmark county. The abbrevation was transcribed in the Digitalarkivet as \"Qn\". Looking at the original census record I believe it was actually \"Qv\". Anyway, you\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Norwegian concepts&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Norwegian concepts","link":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/category\/norwegian-genealogy\/norwegian-concepts\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/NF.15006-123.jpg?fit=1024%2C850&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/NF.15006-123.jpg?fit=1024%2C850&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/NF.15006-123.jpg?fit=1024%2C850&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/NF.15006-123.jpg?fit=1024%2C850&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":9914,"url":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/christmas-food-as-a-genealogical-clue\/","url_meta":{"origin":10894,"position":4},"title":"Christmas Food as a Genealogical Clue","author":"Martin Roe Eidhammer","date":"December 18, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"When families start talking about Christmas, they often begin with food. Christmas food may serve as a clue to their origin. \u201cGrandma always made fattigmann.\u201d\u201cChristmas Eve was pinnekj\u00f8tt, not ribs.\u201d\u201cWe had to have lutefisk and lefse, or it wasn\u2019t Christmas.\u201d\u201cWe always had torsk on Christmas Eve.\u201d For a genealogist, those\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;History&quot;","block_context":{"text":"History","link":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/category\/history\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Christmas food traditions can point toward region, economy, religion, social status and migration history.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Christmas-food.jpg?fit=457%2C457&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":3281,"url":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/books-on-monday-norwegian-history-and-haugens-dictionary\/","url_meta":{"origin":10894,"position":5},"title":"Books on Monday: &#8220;Norwegian history&#8221; and Haugen&#8217;s dictionary","author":"Martin Roe Eidhammer","date":"October 31, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Here are two books you might find interesting History of Norway by John A. Yilek (Author) Norwegian-English Dictionary: A Pronouncing and Translating Dictionary of Modern Norwegian (Bokm\u00e5l and Nynorsk) with a Historical and Grammatical Introduction by Einar Haugen (Author) \u00a0 Take a look at\u00a0other books I have\u00a0suggested by clicking this\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Books&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Books","link":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/category\/life-in-general\/books\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/books-1757734_640.jpg?fit=640%2C262&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/books-1757734_640.jpg?fit=640%2C262&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/books-1757734_640.jpg?fit=640%2C262&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10894","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10894"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10894\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10961,"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10894\/revisions\/10961"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10894"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10894"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10894"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}