{"id":10276,"date":"2026-02-03T12:00:23","date_gmt":"2026-02-03T11:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/?p=10276"},"modified":"2026-02-03T14:02:38","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T13:02:38","slug":"norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/","title":{"rendered":"Norwegians in the Boer War: A Small Nation in a Distant Conflict"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"72\" data-end=\"373\">When we think about Norwegian emigrants, our minds usually go to the American prairie, not to the dusty battlefields of South Africa. Yet during the Second Boer War (1899\u20131902), a small but colorful group of Norwegians found themselves in the conflict \u2013 as volunteers, medics and, eventually, prisoners of war.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"596\">For anyone with Norwegian roots, this is one of those surprising side stories that may suddenly explain an odd place\u2013name in the family lore, or why a great-grandfather once mentioned <em data-start=\"559\" data-end=\"567\">Ceylon<\/em> or <em data-start=\"571\" data-end=\"583\">St. Helena<\/em> with a sigh.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"598\" data-end=\"793\">In this article, we\u2019ll look at who these Norwegians were, why they ended up in the war, how one Norwegian family lived through it \u2013 and how you can start tracing similar stories in your own tree.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-box-title\">In this article<\/div>\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\"><\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#Why_were_Norwegians_in_South_Africa_at_all\" >Why were Norwegians in South Africa at all?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#The_Scandinavian_Corps_A_tiny_unit_with_a_big_story\" >The Scandinavian Corps: A tiny unit with a big story<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#Into_battle_Mafeking_Magersfontein_and_Paardeberg\" >Into battle: Mafeking, Magersfontein and Paardeberg<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#Norwegians_outside_the_corps\" >Norwegians outside the corps<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#Case_study_From_Norway_to_the_Witwatersrand_%E2%80%93_the_story_of_Ole_Johnsen_Honnstad\" >Case study: From Norway to the Witwatersrand \u2013 the story of Ole Johnsen Honnstad<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#Settler_and_soldier\" >Settler and soldier<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#Back_to_the_family\" >Back to the family<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#Norwegian_prisoners_of_war_Ceylon_and_St_Helena\" >Norwegian prisoners of war: Ceylon and St. Helena<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#How_this_matters_for_genealogy_and_local_history\" >How this matters for genealogy and local history<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#Bringing_the_story_home\" >Bringing the story home<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/#References\" >References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<hr data-start=\"795\" data-end=\"798\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"800\" data-end=\"846\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_were_Norwegians_in_South_Africa_at_all\"><\/span>Why were Norwegians in South Africa at all?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"848\" data-end=\"1086\">By the late 1800s, Scandinavians had been drifting to South Africa for some time \u2013 as sailors who jumped ship, artisans and miners looking for work, or technicians recruited to the expanding railway and mining industries (Hale, 2000a).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1088\" data-end=\"1301\">In the Transvaal, a <em data-start=\"1108\" data-end=\"1135\">Scandinavian Organization<\/em> was founded in 1899 by the Swedish engineer Axel Christer Helmfrid Uggla to help unemployed fellow Scandinavians with work and housing (AngloBoerWar.com, n.d.-a).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1303\" data-end=\"1692\">When war broke out between the Boer republics and the British Empire in October 1899, this existing Scandinavian community provided a natural recruitment pool for volunteers. Some sympathised with the Boers as a small, agrarian people facing a great power; others simply saw an opportunity for adventure or felt loyalty to the country where they had settled (Gerdov, 2016; Hale, 2000a).<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1694\" data-end=\"1697\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"1699\" data-end=\"1754\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Scandinavian_Corps_A_tiny_unit_with_a_big_story\"><\/span>The Scandinavian Corps: A tiny unit with a big story<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1756\" data-end=\"1924\">The best-known Scandinavian contribution to the Boer side was the <strong data-start=\"1822\" data-end=\"1844\">Scandinavian Corps<\/strong> (<em data-start=\"1846\" data-end=\"1867\">Skandinaviska k\u00e5ren<\/em>), formed in the Transvaal in late 1899 (Hale, 2000a).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1926\" data-end=\"2044\">According to a widely cited reconstruction of the corps\u2019 roll, it initially consisted of about <strong data-start=\"2021\" data-end=\"2032\">114 men<\/strong>, including:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2210\">\n<li data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2059\">\n<p data-start=\"2048\" data-end=\"2059\">46 Swedes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2060\" data-end=\"2077\">\n<p data-start=\"2062\" data-end=\"2077\">13 Norwegians<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2078\" data-end=\"2090\">\n<p data-start=\"2080\" data-end=\"2090\">24 Danes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2091\" data-end=\"2103\">\n<p data-start=\"2093\" data-end=\"2103\">18 Finns<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2104\" data-end=\"2210\">\n<p data-start=\"2106\" data-end=\"2210\">A handful of Germans, Dutch, one Russian and one Italian (Wikipedia, n.d.; AngloBoerWar.com, n.d.-b).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2212\" data-end=\"2378\">Most were not professional soldiers. Many were sailors, artisans or workers who had already put down roots in South Africa (AngloBoerWar.com, n.d.-b; Hale, 2000a).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10280\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10280\" style=\"width: 550px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"10280\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/boer-war-volunteers_from_finlandscandinavia\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Boer-war-volunteers_from_FinlandScandinavia.jpg?fit=800%2C455&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,455\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Boer-war-volunteers_from_Finland&amp;#038;Scandinavia\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Volunteers from Scandinavia in 1901 Public domain via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Boer-war-volunteers_from_FinlandScandinavia.jpg?fit=800%2C455&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-10280\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Boer-war-volunteers_from_FinlandScandinavia.jpg?resize=550%2C313&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Boer-war-volunteers_from_FinlandScandinavia.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Boer-war-volunteers_from_FinlandScandinavia.jpg?resize=300%2C171&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Boer-war-volunteers_from_FinlandScandinavia.jpg?resize=768%2C437&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10280\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers from Scandinavia in 1901 Public domain via Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p data-start=\"2380\" data-end=\"2686\">The corps was commanded by the Swede Johannes Flygare, with Erik St\u00e5hlberg and William Baerentsen as lieutenants. A separate ambulance unit of four men and four women was led by <strong data-start=\"2558\" data-end=\"2593\">Dr. Wilhelm Biedenkap from Oslo<\/strong>, a Norwegian physician who had settled in South Africa (Wikipedia, n.d.; Klikk.no, 2022).<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2688\" data-end=\"2691\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2693\" data-end=\"2749\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Into_battle_Mafeking_Magersfontein_and_Paardeberg\"><\/span>Into battle: Mafeking, Magersfontein and Paardeberg<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2751\" data-end=\"2829\">The Scandinavian Corps fought in several of the war\u2019s most famous engagements:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"2831\" data-end=\"4720\">\n<li data-start=\"2831\" data-end=\"3077\">\n<p data-start=\"2834\" data-end=\"3077\"><div class=\"simplePullQuote right\"><p><strong>Sir Robert Baden-Powell (1857\u20131941)<\/strong> was a British Army officer whose name became closely linked to the Second Boer War.\u00a0 His experience here shaped his ideas about training and self-reliance in young people, which he later developed into the Scout movement, founded in 1907\u20131908 and spread rapidly worldwide.<\/p>\n<\/div><strong data-start=\"2834\" data-end=\"2879\">Siege of Mafeking (October\u2013November 1899)<\/strong><br data-start=\"2879\" data-end=\"2882\" \/>Elements of the corps participated in the Boer forces surrounding the British-held town, which later became legendary in British memory when Baden-Powell held out under siege (Hale, 2000a).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3079\" data-end=\"4399\">\n<p data-start=\"3082\" data-end=\"3482\"><strong data-start=\"3082\" data-end=\"3131\">Battle of Magersfontein (10\u201311 December 1899)<\/strong><br data-start=\"3131\" data-end=\"3134\" \/>This was the unit\u2019s defining \u2013 and devastating \u2013 moment. The Boer army entrenched itself in front of Magersfontein ridge to block a British relief column. The Scandinavians were placed as an advanced outpost roughly 1.5 km in front of the main Boer line, directly in the path of the Highland Brigade\u2019s dawn assault (AngloBoerWar.com, n.d.-b).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3487\" data-end=\"3921\">When the British troops stumbled forward in the half-light, they ran straight into the Scandinavian position at close range. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the corps held its ground and inflicted serious casualties before being almost overwhelmed. Contemporary accounts describe them firing 18\u201320 aimed shots a minute until British troops worked around their flank and the losses became catastrophic (AngloBoerWar.com, n.d.-b).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3926\" data-end=\"4081\">After the battle, many of the fallen were buried near the position where they had fought. A monument at Magersfontein carries the inscription in Swedish:<\/p>\n<blockquote data-start=\"4086\" data-end=\"4220\">\n<p data-start=\"4088\" data-end=\"4220\"><em data-start=\"4088\" data-end=\"4130\">De kunde icke vika, blott falla kunde de<\/em> \u2013<br data-start=\"4132\" data-end=\"4135\" \/>\u201cThey could not yield, they could only fall\u201d (Wikipedia, n.d.; Gerdov, 2016).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p data-start=\"4225\" data-end=\"4399\">General Piet Cronj\u00e9 reputedly declared that, \u201cNext to God, the republics have the Scandinavian Corps to thank for the victory\u201d (Wikipedia, n.d.; AngloBoerWar.com, n.d.-b).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4401\" data-end=\"4720\">\n<p data-start=\"4404\" data-end=\"4720\"><strong data-start=\"4404\" data-end=\"4434\">Paardeberg (February 1900)<\/strong><br data-start=\"4434\" data-end=\"4437\" \/>The battered remnants of the corps later fought with Cronj\u00e9\u2019s forces at <strong data-start=\"4512\" data-end=\"4526\">Paardeberg<\/strong>, where the Boers were encircled and forced to surrender after a lengthy siege. Many surviving Scandinavians, including Norwegians, were captured here (Hale, 2000a; AngloBoerWar.com, n.d.-b).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"4722\" data-end=\"4953\">By this point, the Scandinavian Corps had effectively ceased to exist as a coherent fighting unit. Some survivors later joined ordinary Boer commandos; others went straight into captivity (AngloBoerWar.com, n.d.-c; Hale, 2000a).<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4955\" data-end=\"4958\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4960\" data-end=\"4993\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Norwegians_outside_the_corps\"><\/span>Norwegians outside the corps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4995\" data-end=\"5345\">Not every Norwegian on the Boer side served in the Scandinavian Corps. In his study of Norwegian prisoners of war, historian Frederick Hale points out that there was a constant flow of Scandinavians arriving and leaving, and that some Norwegians joined local Boer commandos directly without ever being formally attached to the corps (Hale, 2000b).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5347\" data-end=\"5493\">The <strong data-start=\"5351\" data-end=\"5371\">AngloBoerWar.com<\/strong> database, which draws on museum and archival records, lists individual volunteers identified as Norwegian. For example:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5495\" data-end=\"5651\">\n<li data-start=\"5495\" data-end=\"5651\">\n<p data-start=\"5497\" data-end=\"5651\"><strong data-start=\"5497\" data-end=\"5520\">A. B. R. Abrahamsen<\/strong> \u2013 \u201cVolunteer from Norway serving with the Boer forces,\u201d wounded and taken prisoner in February 1900 (AngloBoerWar.com, n.d.-d).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5653\" data-end=\"5859\">This kind of database entry is a helpful starting point for genealogists. A short note about being wounded or captured can often be cross-checked against POW rolls, ship lists or local newspapers in Norway.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5861\" data-end=\"5864\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5866\" data-end=\"5942\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_study_From_Norway_to_the_Witwatersrand_%E2%80%93_the_story_of_Ole_Johnsen_Honnstad\"><\/span>Case study: From Norway to the Witwatersrand \u2013 the story of Ole Johnsen Honnstad<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5944\" data-end=\"6165\">To see what this history looks like in a real family, we can follow the life of <strong data-start=\"6024\" data-end=\"6039\">Ole Johnsen Honnstad<\/strong>, a Norwegian who tied his fate to the goldfields \u2013 and to the Boer side in the war.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5944\" data-end=\"6165\">Ole was born in Norway on <strong data-start=\"6193\" data-end=\"6208\">29 May 1861<\/strong>. at the Honnstad farm in the municipality of Surnadal, M\u00f8re og Romsdal.\u00a0 He was the youngest of ten siblings. As a young man he travelled to South Africa, where he married <strong data-start=\"6272\" data-end=\"6302\">Christina Magdalena Pauley<\/strong> in Johannesburg in 1888. He was 27; she was 18. The wedding took place in the <strong data-start=\"6381\" data-end=\"6425\">Dutch Reformed Church, Goldfields parish<\/strong>, and Ole\u2019s address on the marriage certificate is given as <strong data-start=\"6485\" data-end=\"6525\">Roodepoort, Witwatersrand Goldfields<\/strong> \u2013 right in the middle of the gold rush that had begun only two years earlier, in 1886 (Family archive, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6679\" data-end=\"7456\">Christina\u2019s background already reflects the multi-ethnic world of the Transvaal. Her father was a German immigrant; her mother was of Dutch descent. She was born at <strong data-start=\"6844\" data-end=\"6873\">Schoonspruit, Ventersdorp<\/strong>, about 150 km west of Johannesburg, and several of her brothers appear to have farmed in the Ventersdorp area. South of Ventersdorp lies <strong data-start=\"7011\" data-end=\"7025\">Klerksdorp<\/strong>, where gold was found soon after the discoveries on the Witwatersrand. Later records place Ole in <strong data-start=\"7124\" data-end=\"7162\">Klerksdorp, Potchefstroom District<\/strong>, with the occupation <strong data-start=\"7184\" data-end=\"7201\">\u201camalgamator\u201d<\/strong> \u2013 someone involved in the mercury process used to separate gold from ore \u2013 while Christina is listed as a <strong data-start=\"7308\" data-end=\"7331\">\u201ccustoms collector\u201d<\/strong>, likely referring to the government tax on gold production (Family archive, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7458\" data-end=\"7832\">By the time the Second Anglo-Boer War broke out in 1899, Ole and Christina already had five children: <strong data-start=\"7560\" data-end=\"7645\">Christiaan (1891), Jacomina (1892), John (1893), Anna (1896) and Christina (1898)<\/strong>. Their sixth child, also named <strong data-start=\"7677\" data-end=\"7684\">Ole<\/strong>, was born on 3 June 1900 and baptised in Ventersdorp on 14 October that same year (Family archive, n.d.).<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"6679\" data-end=\"7456\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Settler_and_soldier\"><\/span>Settler and soldier<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"7834\" data-end=\"8269\">When war came, Ole joined the <strong data-start=\"7864\" data-end=\"7908\">Lower Schoonspruit, Ventersdorp commando<\/strong>. Like many other Norwegians on the Boer side, he was not part of the Scandinavian Corps but attached to a local commando drawn from the farming community where he lived. At the <strong data-start=\"8086\" data-end=\"8110\">battle of Paardeberg<\/strong> on 27 February 1900, he was captured \u2013 on the same day, and in the same battle, as three of his Pauley brothers-in-law (Family archive, n.d.; Hale, 2000b).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8271\" data-end=\"8487\">Ole was sent as a prisoner of war to the <strong data-start=\"8312\" data-end=\"8346\">Broadbottom camp on St. Helena<\/strong>, a bleak island in the South Atlantic where the British held thousands of Boer and foreign prisoners (Family archive, n.d.; Hale, 2000b).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8489\" data-end=\"9073\">Meanwhile, Christina and the children were drawn into the machinery of war on the home front. In September 1902, after the peace, Ole was reunited with his family in the <strong data-start=\"8659\" data-end=\"8692\">Klerksdorp concentration camp<\/strong> and released two weeks later. The documentation notes his \u201cReason for departure\u201d simply as: <strong data-start=\"8785\" data-end=\"8804\">\u201cGone to farm.\u201d<\/strong> In the National Archives of South Africa there is also a claim file, <em data-start=\"8885\" data-end=\"8951\">Claims for Compensation \u2013 Burghers \u2013 Potchefstroom \u2013 Ole Johnsen<\/em>, which hints at the material losses the family suffered (Family archive, n.d.).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10278\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10278\" style=\"width: 775px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"10278\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/ole-and-family-kopi\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ole-and-family-kopi.jpg?fit=1040%2C780&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1040,780\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Ole and family kopi\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ole-and-family-kopi.jpg?fit=800%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10278\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ole-and-family-kopi.jpg?resize=775%2C581&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"775\" height=\"581\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ole-and-family-kopi.jpg?w=1040&amp;ssl=1 1040w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ole-and-family-kopi.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ole-and-family-kopi.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ole-and-family-kopi.jpg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 775px) 100vw, 775px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10278\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ole and family<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 data-start=\"8489\" data-end=\"9073\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Back_to_the_family\"><\/span>Back to the family<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"8489\" data-end=\"9073\">Remarkably, life went on. After the war, Ole and Christina had five more children \u2013 <strong data-start=\"9159\" data-end=\"9230\">Johanna, Johannes Hendrik, Pieter Emil Lindstrom and Johannes Christoffel (born 1909)<\/strong> On the subject of<strong> Pieter Emil Lindstrom,<\/strong> the name Pieter fits in (it was the name of Ole\u2019s grandfather), but Emil Lindstrom is nowhere to be found in any of the ancestors.\u00a0 It is a rather unusual name for South Africa. It was, however, the name of a Swedish member of the Scandinavian contingent killed at Magersfontein.\u00a0 Is there a link?\u00a0 Did Ole name one of his children after a fallen comrade?\u00a0 Who knows\u2026<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8489\" data-end=\"9073\">Ole lived to the age of 73, dying in Johannesburg on <strong data-start=\"9290\" data-end=\"9308\">24 August 1933<\/strong> (Family archive, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8489\" data-end=\"9073\">In one family\u2019s story we can see the entire arc: Norwegian youth, gold rush migration, mixed European ancestry on the South African frontier, service in a Boer commando, imprisonment on St. Helena, the disruption of concentration camps, postwar claims for compensation, and finally a return to farming and town life on the Highveld.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9710\" data-end=\"9713\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"9715\" data-end=\"9769\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Norwegian_prisoners_of_war_Ceylon_and_St_Helena\"><\/span>Norwegian prisoners of war: Ceylon and St. Helena<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"d4370801-a0d4-49a6-951b-e689e0431a0a\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-2-thinking\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"784\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The British Empire captured tens of thousands of Boer fighters and foreign volunteers during the war. To keep them from rejoining the struggle, they were shipped to remote camps \u2013 including on the islands of <strong data-start=\"9979\" data-end=\"9993\">St. Helena<\/strong> in the South Atlantic and <strong data-start=\"10020\" data-end=\"10030\">Ceylon<\/strong> (Sri Lanka) in the Indian Ocean (Hale, 2000b; Finland at War, 2020).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10282\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10282\" style=\"width: 541px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"10282\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/martinroe.com\/blog\/norwegians-in-the-boer-war-a-small-nation-in-a-distant-conflict\/512px-boer_camp_site_26244610807\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/512px-Boer_camp_site_26244610807.jpg?fit=512%2C341&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"512,341\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"512px-Boer_camp_site_(26244610807)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Boer prison camp site St. Helena&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Luke McKernan, CC BY-SA 2.0 &lt;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/512px-Boer_camp_site_26244610807.jpg?fit=512%2C341&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-10282\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/512px-Boer_camp_site_26244610807.jpg?resize=541%2C360&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/512px-Boer_camp_site_26244610807.jpg?w=512&amp;ssl=1 512w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/martinroe.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/512px-Boer_camp_site_26244610807.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10282\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Boer prison camp site St. Helena<br \/>Luke McKernan, <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a>, via Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p data-start=\"9771\" data-end=\"10102\"><div class=\"simplePullQuote right\"><p><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"14\" data-is-only-node=\"\">St. Helena<\/strong> is a small, rugged volcanic island in the South Atlantic, best known as the place where <strong data-start=\"103\" data-end=\"125\">Napoleon Bonaparte<\/strong> spent his final years in exile (1815\u20131821).\u00a0 The island\u2019s tiny capital, <strong data-start=\"607\" data-end=\"620\">Jamestown<\/strong>, clings to a narrow valley between steep cliffs, and even today St. Helena feels like a world apart\u2014windswept, self-contained, and steeped in imperial-era history.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"10104\" data-end=\"10334\">Norwegians were among those sent to these camps. Hale\u2019s detailed study of Norwegian POWs traces individuals from capture, via transport on British ships, to their months or years in captivity and eventual release (Hale, 2000b).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10336\" data-end=\"10376\">Their memoirs and letters shed light on:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"10378\" data-end=\"10635\">\n<li data-start=\"10378\" data-end=\"10449\">\n<p data-start=\"10380\" data-end=\"10449\">Daily life in the camps \u2013 working, boredom and occasional conflict.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10450\" data-end=\"10501\">\n<p data-start=\"10452\" data-end=\"10501\">Relationships with British guards and officers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10502\" data-end=\"10635\">\n<p data-start=\"10504\" data-end=\"10635\">The mixed feelings many had about the Boer cause once the adventure turned into long imprisonment (Hale, 2000b; Klikk.no, 2022).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"10637\" data-end=\"10866\">For family historians, a reference to <strong data-start=\"10675\" data-end=\"10689\">St. Helena<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"10693\" data-end=\"10703\">Ceylon<\/strong> around 1900 in a Norwegian story may not point to missionary work or the merchant navy at all, but to time in a Boer War POW camp \u2013 as in the case of Ole Johnsen.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"10868\" data-end=\"10871\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"10873\" data-end=\"10926\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_this_matters_for_genealogy_and_local_history\"><\/span>How this matters for genealogy and local history<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"10928\" data-end=\"11021\">For a Norwegian genealogy or local history project, the Boer War can connect several strands:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"11023\" data-end=\"12746\">\n<li data-start=\"11023\" data-end=\"11367\">\n<p data-start=\"11026\" data-end=\"11367\"><strong data-start=\"11026\" data-end=\"11049\">Emigration patterns<\/strong><br data-start=\"11049\" data-end=\"11052\" \/>Norwegians who ended up in South Africa often had previous experience at sea or in foreign service. A man who appears in South African sources might be missing from typical emigrant lists to America but still follow familiar patterns of seasonal work, shipping, or mining (Winquist, as cited in Gerdov, 2016).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11369\" data-end=\"11755\">\n<p data-start=\"11372\" data-end=\"11755\"><strong data-start=\"11372\" data-end=\"11413\">Unusual place-names in family stories<\/strong><br data-start=\"11413\" data-end=\"11416\" \/>Mentions of <em data-start=\"11431\" data-end=\"11442\">Transvaal<\/em>, <em data-start=\"11444\" data-end=\"11459\">Magersfontein<\/em>, <em data-start=\"11461\" data-end=\"11473\">Paardeberg<\/em>, <em data-start=\"11475\" data-end=\"11487\">St. Helena<\/em>, <em data-start=\"11489\" data-end=\"11497\">Ceylon<\/em> or <em data-start=\"11501\" data-end=\"11532\">Klerksdorp concentration camp<\/em> in letters or oral tradition may hint at Boer War service. In Ole\u2019s case, St. Helena and Klerksdorp become crucial signposts when piecing the story together (Family archive, n.d.).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11369\" data-end=\"11755\">\n<p data-start=\"11372\" data-end=\"11755\"><strong data-start=\"11760\" data-end=\"11789\">Local reactions in Norway<\/strong><br data-start=\"11789\" data-end=\"11792\" \/>Contemporary Norwegian newspapers reported on the war and on \u201cour men\u201d in the Scandinavian Corps, often with pride mixed with concern (Carlsson, as cited in Gerdov, 2016).<br data-start=\"11966\" data-end=\"11970\" \/>If you know the home parish, you may find short notices when a volunteer left, was wounded or came home.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"12079\" data-end=\"12746\">\n<p data-start=\"12082\" data-end=\"12111\"><strong data-start=\"12082\" data-end=\"12109\">Sources you can consult<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"12115\" data-end=\"12746\">\n<li data-start=\"12115\" data-end=\"12235\">\n<p data-start=\"12117\" data-end=\"12235\">Name lists and notes on <strong data-start=\"12141\" data-end=\"12168\">Scandinavian volunteers<\/strong> on AngloBoerWar.com (AngloBoerWar.com, n.d.-b, n.d.-d, n.d.-e).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"12239\" data-end=\"12346\">\n<p data-start=\"12241\" data-end=\"12346\">Academic articles by Frederick Hale on the Scandinavian Corps and Norwegian POWs (Hale, 2000a, 2000b).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"12350\" data-end=\"12509\">\n<p data-start=\"12352\" data-end=\"12509\">C. Gerdov\u2019s article on the memory and commemoration of the corps, useful for understanding how these events were remembered in Scandinavia (Gerdov, 2016).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"12513\" data-end=\"12746\">\n<p data-start=\"12515\" data-end=\"12746\">Family summaries and private collections like the <strong data-start=\"12565\" data-end=\"12580\">Ole Johnsen<\/strong> material, which often bring together certificates, camp records and archive references in one place (Family archive, n.d.).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"12748\" data-end=\"12998\">Taken together, these sources let you move from a vague \u201che was in some war in South Africa\u201d to a more precise story: which unit he joined, where he fought, whether he was captured and where he was held \u2013 and how his family lived through those years.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"13000\" data-end=\"13003\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"13005\" data-end=\"13033\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bringing_the_story_home\"><\/span>Bringing the story home<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"13035\" data-end=\"13343\">Norwegian participation in the Boer War was numerically small, but the story is rich: a handful of seamen, miners and artisans who threw in their lot with the Boers; a Norwegian doctor leading an ambulance unit; young men from a far northern kingdom finding themselves entrenched under a South African sun.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"13345\" data-end=\"13712\">In the life of <strong data-start=\"13360\" data-end=\"13375\">Ole Johnsen<\/strong>, we see how this global conflict wove itself into one family\u2019s everyday reality: marriage and baptisms, work at the stamp mills and tax office, sudden mobilisation with the local commando, imprisonment far out in the Atlantic, life in a concentration camp, and finally the long, quiet work of rebuilding a home and farm after the war.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"13714\" data-end=\"14150\">For family historians, stories like this offer a way to connect local Norwegian communities to world events at the turn of the twentieth century. A mine worker from Tr\u00f8ndelag or a sailor from Vest-Agder might suddenly reappear in the records of a commando in the Transvaal, a POW camp on St. Helena, a compensation claim in the National Archives of South Africa \u2013 or a carefully preserved family summary on a modern researcher\u2019s desk.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"14152\" data-end=\"14516\">If you suspect a family connection, start with the online volunteer lists, then work backward into Norwegian parish records, census entries, local newspapers and your own family papers. You may discover that, for at least one Norwegian in your tree, the route to <em data-start=\"14415\" data-end=\"14425\">utvandring<\/em>\u00a0did not lead to Minnesota \u2013 but to a forgotten foreign war on the other side of the world.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"14518\" data-end=\"14521\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"14523\" data-end=\"14538\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"14540\" data-end=\"14699\">AngloBoerWar.com. (n.d.-a). <em data-start=\"14568\" data-end=\"14597\">Scandinavian Corps \u2013 Page 2<\/em>. AngloBoerWar.com. <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.angloboerwar.com\/unit-information\/boer-units\/1955-scandinavian-corps?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"14617\" data-end=\"14697\">https:\/\/www.angloboerwar.com\/unit-information\/boer-units\/1955-scandinavian-corps<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"14701\" data-end=\"14885\">AngloBoerWar.com. (n.d.-b). <em data-start=\"14729\" data-end=\"14767\">Scandinavian volunteers \u2013 Boer units<\/em>. AngloBoerWar.com. <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.angloboerwar.com\/unit-information\/boer-units\/179-foreign-vols\/1955-scandinavian-vols\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"14787\" data-end=\"14883\">https:\/\/www.angloboerwar.com\/unit-information\/boer-units\/179-foreign-vols\/1955-scandinavian-vols<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"14887\" data-end=\"15023\">AngloBoerWar.com. (n.d.-c). <em data-start=\"14915\" data-end=\"14967\">The Scandinavian Corps \u2013 Boer War forum discussion<\/em>. AngloBoerWar.com. <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.angloboerwar.com\/forum\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"14987\" data-end=\"15021\">https:\/\/www.angloboerwar.com\/forum<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"15025\" data-end=\"15232\">AngloBoerWar.com. (n.d.-d). <em data-start=\"15053\" data-end=\"15093\">A foreign volunteer in the Boer forces<\/em>. AngloBoerWar.com. <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.angloboerwar.com\/unit-information\/boer-units\/179-foreign-vols\/3250-a-foreign-volunteer-in-the-boer-forces?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"15113\" data-end=\"15230\">https:\/\/www.angloboerwar.com\/unit-information\/boer-units\/179-foreign-vols\/3250-a-foreign-volunteer-in-the-boer-forces<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"15234\" data-end=\"15377\">AngloBoerWar.com. (n.d.-e). <em data-start=\"15262\" data-end=\"15282\">Foreign volunteers<\/em>. AngloBoerWar.com. <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.angloboerwar.com\/unit-information\/boer-units\/179-foreign-vols?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"15302\" data-end=\"15375\">https:\/\/www.angloboerwar.com\/unit-information\/boer-units\/179-foreign-vols<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"15379\" data-end=\"15513\">Family archive. (n.d.). <em data-start=\"15403\" data-end=\"15446\">Ole Johnsen 1861\u20131933: Summary for Martin<\/em>. Unpublished manuscript.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"15515\" data-end=\"15695\">Finland at War. (2020, March 8). <em data-start=\"15548\" data-end=\"15599\">Finnish Kommandoes \u2013 Finns in the Second Boer War<\/em>. Finland at War. <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.finlandatwar.com\/finnish-kommandoes-finns-in-the-second-boer-war?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"15617\" data-end=\"15693\">https:\/\/www.finlandatwar.com\/finnish-kommandoes-finns-in-the-second-boer-war<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"15697\" data-end=\"15897\">Gerdov, C. (2016). A Scandinavian \u201cMagna Charta\u201d? The Scandinavian Corps and its commemoration. <em data-start=\"15793\" data-end=\"15803\">Historia<\/em>, 61(2). <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.za\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0018-229X2016000200003&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"15812\" data-end=\"15895\">https:\/\/www.scielo.org.za\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0018-229X2016000200003<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"15899\" data-end=\"16064\">Hale, F. (2000a). The Scandinavian Corps in the Second Anglo-Boer War. <em data-start=\"15970\" data-end=\"15980\">Historia<\/em>, 45(1), 220\u2013237. <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/upjournals.up.ac.za\/index.php\/historia\/article\/view\/1851?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"15998\" data-end=\"16062\">https:\/\/upjournals.up.ac.za\/index.php\/historia\/article\/view\/1851<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"16066\" data-end=\"16245\">Hale, F. (2000b). Norwegian prisoners in the second Anglo-Boer War. <em data-start=\"16134\" data-end=\"16177\">South African Journal of Cultural History<\/em>, 14(2), 1\u201312. <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/10.10520\/AJA10113053_725?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"16192\" data-end=\"16243\">https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/10.10520\/AJA10113053_725<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"16247\" data-end=\"16523\">Klikk.no. (2022, May 18). <em data-start=\"16273\" data-end=\"16370\">Eventyrlystne nordmenn kastet seg inn i den fremmede krigen \u2013 flere m\u00e5tte betale en skyh\u00f8y pris<\/em>. Klikk\/Historie. <a class=\"decorated-link cursor-pointer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.klikk.no\/historie\/eventyrlystne-nordmenn-kastet-seg-inn-i-den-fremmede-krigen-flere-matte-betale-en-skyhoy-pris-1-7156070\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"16388\" data-end=\"16521\">https:\/\/www.klikk.no\/historie\/eventyrlystne-nordmenn-kastet-seg-inn-i-den-fremmede-krigen-flere-matte-betale-en-skyhoy-pris-1-7156070<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"16525\" data-end=\"16673\">Wikipedia. (n.d.). <em data-start=\"16544\" data-end=\"16569\">Boer foreign volunteers<\/em>. In <em data-start=\"16574\" data-end=\"16585\">Wikipedia<\/em>. Retrieved December 5, 2025, from <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boer_foreign_volunteers?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"16620\" data-end=\"16673\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boer_foreign_volunteers<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When we think about Norwegian emigrants, our minds usually go to the American prairie, not to the dusty battlefields of<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10833,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","nf_dc_page":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":null,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"default","_twitter_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type":"default","_pinterest_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type_page":"","_instagram_share_type":"default","_medium_share_type":"default","_threads_share_type":"default","_google_business_share_type":"default","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[39],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-examples-from-norwegian-records"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - 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